What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer occurs in the cells of the cervix — the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It's caused by several strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection. When exposed to HPV, a woman's immune system typically prevents the virus from causing harm. However, in a small group of women, the virus survives for years, contributing to the process that causes some cervical cells to become cancer cells.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

What Are Common Signs and Symptoms of Cervical Cancer?

Early stages of cervical cancer may not present any symptoms. As the cancer progresses, symptoms may include:

• Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause

• Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor

• Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse

 

Can We Prevent Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer can be prevented through several methods:

• HPV vaccination: Protects against the types of HPV that most often cause cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers.

• Regular Pap tests: Can detect precancerous conditions of the cervix, which can be treated before cervical cancer develops.

• HPV testing: Identifies the virus that can lead to these cell changes.

• Practicing safe sex: Reduces your risk of HPV.

• Smoking cessation: Lowers the risk of cervical and other cancers.

 

How Do We Diagnose Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is diagnosed using:

• Pap test: Screens for precancerous and cancerous cells on the cervix.

• HPV DNA test: Identifies the virus that can lead to cell changes.

• If these tests indicate cervical cancer, further testing (like a biopsy) may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

 

What Treatment Options Are Available for Cervical Cancer?

Treatment for cervical cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, and may include:

• Surgery: To remove the cancerous tissue.

• Radiation therapy: Uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells.

• Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill cancer cells, often used with radiation therapy.

• Targeted therapy: Focuses on specific molecules and signaling pathways to halt cancer growth.

• Immunotherapy: Boosts the body's natural defenses to fight the cancer.

The choice of treatment varies based on the extent of cancer and the desire to preserve fertility.