What is Testicular Cancer?

Testicular cancer occurs in the testicles (testes), which are located inside the scrotum, a loose bag of skin underneath the penis. The testicles produce male sex hormones and sperm for reproduction. Compared to other types of cancer, testicular cancer is rare. However, it is the most common cancer in American males between the ages of 15 and 35.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

What Are Common Signs and Symptoms of Testicular Cancer?

Symptoms of testicular cancer may include:

• A lump or enlargement in either testicle

• A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum

• A dull ache in the abdomen or groin

• A sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum

• Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum

• Enlargement or tenderness of the breasts

• Back pain

 

Can We Prevent Testicular Cancer?

There are no known ways to prevent testicular cancer in men who are at normal risk. The cause of most testicular cancers is unknown, making it challenging to prevent. Regular testicular self-examinations can help identify growths early when the chance for successful treatment of testicular cancer is highest.

 

How Do We Diagnose Testicular Cancer?

Diagnosis of testicular cancer typically involves:

• Physical examination and medical history

• Ultrasound of the testicles to detect lumps or abnormalities

• Blood tests to measure levels of tumor markers that are elevated in testicular cancer

• Surgical removal of the affected testicle (radical inguinal orchiectomy) for examination by a pathologist, if cancer is suspected

 

What Treatment Options Are Available for Testicular Cancer?

Treatment for testicular cancer is highly effective and may include:

• Surgery to remove the testicle (orchiectomy) and possibly nearby lymph nodes (lymph node dissection)

• Radiation therapy, especially for seminomas, a type of testicular cancer

• Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells, particularly for non-seminoma cancers or cancer that has spread

The choice of treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, but the prognosis for testicular cancer is generally excellent, with high cure rates even for those that have spread.